There is an ongoing debate about the factors contributing to the development of depression in teenagers. While some argue that genetic predisposition plays a significant role, evidence shows that even children without a family history of mental illness can develop depression during their teenage years. This suggests that several external factors—such as upbringing, negative peer interactions (e.g., bullying and ostracism), and social and political influences—may be equally, if not more, influential. This essay seeks to evaluate which of these factors carries more weight in the development of depression among teenagers.
The Influence of Genetic Predisposition
Genetic predisposition is the increased likelihood of developing a particular disease based on the presence of one or more genetic variants. Researchers have not yet determined which specific genes, if any, cause depression. However, studies on twins provide some evidence that genetics play a role in the development of depression. For instance, monozygotic (identical) twins, who share 100% of their genes, have a higher risk (40-60%) of developing depression compared to fraternal twins, who share 50% of their genes.
However, even though genetics are inherited from one's parents, they do not directly mean that a person is automatically at risk of developing depression. Everyone inherits a unique combination of genes, and certain combinations may predispose an individual to particular illnesses such as depression. Nonetheless, those with siblings or parents who have suffered from depression have a 2 to 3 times greater risk of developing depression compared to the average person.
The Influence of Environmental Factors
Environmental factors—including, but not limited to, peer rejection, the early death of a parent, social media influence, and family dynamics—also play a role in adolescent depression. Studies estimate that 37-48% of vulnerability for depression stems from genetics, leaving environmental factors to account for potentially more than half of the remaining influence.
Early life stress is known to harm the brain, impacting plasticity during critical developmental periods when the brain is susceptible to adverse experiences. Growing up with close relatives who have depression could be a contributing factor, but not necessarily due to genetics. Parents struggling with depression may have limited resources to respond to a child's emotional needs, which is another external factor that could lead to the onset of depression during adolescence. Research has shown that immigrants are more susceptible to depression due to additional stressors such as discrimination, language barriers, and acculturation pressure.
Conclusion
Genetic makeup influences how sensitive an individual is to stressful life events, including how the brain adapts to various environmental influences. It is likely that environmental conditions interact with genetic factors to determine the overall risk of developing depression.
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