The gut microbiome is a complex community. Trillions of organisms reside in our digestive tract, which are associated with maintaining our digestive health. These microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, contribute to our digestion by breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and protecting against pathogens. Recent research, however, questions the limitations of the gut microbiome's influence. This collection of organisms may be capable of communicating with the brain through complex pathways that we have yet to understand. Can the bacteria in your gut influence mood and behavior?
A recent review of how the gut microbiome influences mental health has shown that individuals with mental health conditions like depression and anxiety generally have less bacterial diversity in their gut microbiomes. Since different bacteria can produce various neurotransmitters (for example, serotonin) vital for mood regulation, these conditions seem to affect certain behaviors and aspects of mental health.
The gut-brain axis has also yielded possibilities for using specific probiotics, known as psychobiotics, to influence mental health. Psychobiotics are live microorganisms that confer mental health benefits by modulating the gut-brain axis when ingested. These bacteria produce compounds like neurotransmitters to affect neurological function and behavioral patterns. A study published in the Journal of Gastroenterology examined the effects of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains (probiotic supplements) on symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. The probiotics are known for their ability to produce gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter that reduces anxiety and stimulates relaxation. The participants who received the probiotics reported reduced symptoms as opposed to those who received a placebo, demonstrating the impact that certain probiotics have in treating mental health disorders. The British Journal of Nutrition had a similar study published. Volunteers took probiotic supplements containing the same strains (Lactobacillus helveticus and Bifidobacterium longum) daily over four weeks. Participants who took the probiotic were again compared to the placebo group and exhibited significant improvements in mood and stress hormone levels. These findings suggest that psychobiotics could play a role in managing symptoms of depression and stress.
There is a growing body of evidence and support that points to psychobiotics as a new, effective, and non-invasive approach to mental health care. This treatment strategy, with enough modification, could become invaluable to individuals struggling with anxiety, depression, and possibly many other mental health conditions.
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